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全国人民代表大会常务委员会
关于完善和加强备案审查制度的决定
Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Improving and Strengthening the System of Recording and Review
（2023年12月29日第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第七次会议通过）
(Adopted at the 7th Session of the Standing Committee of the 14th National People’s Congress on December 29, 2023)
| 为了贯彻落实党中央关于健全保证宪法全面实施的制度体系、完善和加强备案审查制度的决策部署，更好地行使宪法、法律赋予全国人民代表大会常务委员会的监督职权，充分发挥备案审查制度保障宪法和法律实施、维护国家法制统一的重要作用，提高备案审查能力和质量，坚决纠正和撤销违反宪法、法律的规范性文件，根据宪法和有关法律，结合实践经验，作如下决定： | The following Decision is made on the basis of the Constitution and relevant laws, together with experience from practice, to implement the Party Central Committee’s decisions and plans on improving the systems for fully implementing the Constitution and on improving and strengthening the system of recording and review; to better perform the oversight functions and powers vested in the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress by the Constitution and laws; to give full play to the important role of the system of recording and review in implementing the Constitution and laws and in preserving the uniformity of the country’s legal system; to improve the capacity and quality of recording and review; and to resolutely rectify and annul normative documents that violate the Constitution and laws: |
| 一、全国人民代表大会常务委员会依法开展备案审查工作，坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，贯彻习近平法治思想，坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，实行有件必备、有备必审、有错必纠，切实保证党中央决策部署贯彻落实，保障宪法和法律实施，保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益，维护国家法制统一，推进全面依法治国。 | I. In conducting recording and review according to law, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress is to follow the guidance of the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; implement the Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law; uphold the organic unity of the Party’s leadership, the people’s status as masters of the country, and governing the country according to law; and practice recording all documents, reviewing all recorded documents, and correcting all errors, so as to earnestly ensure the implementation of the Party Central Committee’s decisions and plans; guarantee the implementation of the Constitution and laws; protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, and other organizations; preserve the unity of the country’s legal system; and comprehensively advance governing the country according to law. |
| 二、坚持有件必备。行政法规、监察法规、地方性法规、自治州和自治县的自治条例和单行条例、经济特区法规、浦东新区法规、海南自由贸易港法规（以下统称法规）以及最高人民法院、最高人民检察院作出的属于审判、检察工作中具体应用法律的解释（以下统称司法解释）依法报送全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。 | II. Adhere to recording all documents. Administrative regulations; supervision regulations; local regulations; autonomous regulations and separate regulations of autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties; special economic zone regulations; Pudong New Area regulations; and Hainan Free Trade Port regulations (hereinafter collectively referred to as “regulations”), as well as the interpretations issued by the Supreme People’s Court or the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on the specific application of law in adjudicatory or procuratorial work (hereinafter collectively referred to as “judicial interpretations”), are to be filed with the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for recording according to law. |
| 三、加强备案工作。法规、司法解释应当自公布之日起三十日内报送全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。报送备案时，应当一并报送备案文件的纸质文本和电子文本。 全国人民代表大会常务委员会办公厅负责法规、司法解释的备案工作，对备案文件进行形式审查。对符合备案要求的，予以登记、存档，并根据职责分工分送全国人民代表大会有关专门委员会和常务委员会工作机构进行审查。对不符合备案要求的，采取退回、要求补充或者更正后重新报送等方式处理。常务委员会办公厅对报送机关的报送工作进行督促检查，并对瞒报、迟报、漏报等情况予以通报。 | III. Strengthen recording work. Regulations and judicial interpretations shall be filed with the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for recording within 30 days of promulgation. When filing for recording, both hard copies and electronic versions of the documents for recording shall be filed. The General Office of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress is responsible for the recording of regulations and judicial interpretations and is to conduct formal review of the documents for recording. For those that meet the recording requirements, [the General Office] is to register and archive them and, according to the division of responsibilities, distribute them to the relevant special committees of the National People’s Congress and the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee for review. For those that do not meet the recording requirements, [the General Office] is to return them, request refiling after supplementation or correction, or handle them in other means. The General Office of the Standing Committee is to supervise and inspect the filing work of filing organs and circulate notices of any concealment, delay, or omission in filings and such other circumstances. |
| 四、坚持有备必审。按照有备必审的要求完善审查工作机制，细化审查内容，规范审查程序，综合运用依申请审查、主动审查、专项审查、移送审查和联合审查等方式，依法开展审查工作。 全国人民代表大会专门委员会、常务委员会工作机构负责审查工作。专门委员会、常务委员会工作机构应当加强沟通协作，遇有重要问题和重要情况的，可以共同研究和协商；认为有必要进行共同审查的，可以召开联合审查会议。 | IV. Adhere to reviewing all recorded documents. Improve the working mechanisms for review in accordance with the requirement that all recorded documents must be reviewed, refine the criteria for review, standardize the procedures for review, make comprehensive use of such methods as review upon request, proactive review, special reviews, review upon referral, and joint review, and carry out review according to law. The special committees of the National People’s Congress and the relevant working body of the Standing Committee are responsible for review. The special committees and the working body of the Standing Committee shall strengthen communication and collaboration and, when encountering important issues and situations, may conduct joint research and consultation; if they find it necessary to conduct review together, they may hold a joint review session. |
| 五、推进合宪性审查。在备案审查工作中注重审查法规、司法解释等规范性文件是否存在不符合宪法规定、宪法原则、宪法精神的内容，认真研究涉宪性问题，及时督促纠正与宪法相抵触或者存在合宪性问题的规范性文件。在备案审查工作中落实健全宪法解释工作程序的要求，准确把握和阐明宪法有关规定和精神，回应社会有关方面对涉宪问题的关切。 | V. Advance constitutional review. In recording and review, focus on whether regulations, judicial interpretations, and other normative documents have content that is inconsistent with the provisions, principles, or spirits of the Constitution; carefully study issues implicating the Constitution; and promptly oversee and urge the rectification of normative documents that contravene the Constitution or have issues of constitutionality. Implement the requirements for improving the working procedures for constitutional interpretation in recording and review, and accurately grasp and clarify the relevant provisions and spirits of the Constitution to respond the concerns of relevant sectors of the society over issues implicating the Constitution. |
| 六、加强依申请审查。有关国家机关依法向全国人民代表大会常务委员会书面提出审查要求的，由全国人民代表大会有关的专门委员会和常务委员会工作机构进行审查、提出意见。 其他国家机关和社会组织、企业事业单位以及公民依法向全国人民代表大会常务委员会书面提出审查建议的，由常务委员会工作机构进行审查；必要时，送有关的专门委员会进行审查、提出意见。常务委员会工作机构对审查建议进行初步审查，认为建议审查的法规、司法解释可能与宪法或者法律相抵触，或者存在合宪性、合法性问题的，应当启动审查程序。 地方各级监察委员会、人民法院、人民检察院在监察、审判、检察工作中发现法规、司法解释同宪法或者法律相抵触，或者存在合宪性、合法性问题的，可以逐级上报至国家监察委员会、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院，由国家监察委员会、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院向全国人民代表大会常务委员会书面提出审查要求。 | VI. Strengthen review upon request. Where the relevant state organs submit written requests for review to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress according to law, the relevant special committees of the National People’s Congress and the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee are to conduct review and issue opinions. Where other state organs, social organizations, enterprises, public-service institutions, and citizens submit written recommendations for review to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress according to law, the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee is to conduct review; when necessary, [the recommendations] are to be forwarded to the relevant special committees for review and issuance of opinions. Where, upon a preliminary review of a recommendation for review, the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee finds that the regulations or judicial interpretations that are recommended for review may contravene the Constitution or laws or have issues of constitutionality or legality, it shall initiate the procedures for review. When finding that regulations or judicial interpretations contravene the Constitution or laws or have issues of constitutionality or legality in supervision, adjudicatory, or procuratorial work, local supervision commissions, people’s courts, or people’s procuratorates may report them up through the levels to the State Supervision Commission, the Supreme People’s Court, or the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, which is to submit written requests for review to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. |
| 七、加强主动审查。全国人民代表大会专门委员会、常务委员会工作机构应当加强法规、司法解释主动审查工作。健全主动审查的工作机制和方式，围绕常务委员会工作重点，结合改革发展阶段性特征，针对存在的倾向性、典型性问题，突出审查重点，提高主动审查效率和质量。 | VII. Strengthen proactive review. The special committees of the National People’s Congress and the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee shall strengthen proactive review of regulations and judicial interpretations. Improve the working mechanisms and methods for proactive review; prioritize the focus of review by centering on the Standing Committee’s work priorities, taking into account the characteristics of the relevant stage of reform and development, and targeting existing tendentious and typical problems, so as to enhance the efficiency and quality of proactive review. |
| 八、有针对性开展专项审查。全国人民代表大会专门委员会、常务委员会工作机构根据需要对涉及党中央决策部署、国家重大改革、重要法律实施、人民群众切身利益等方面的法规、司法解释进行专项审查，集中解决某一领域或者某一类别法规、司法解释等规范性文件中普遍存在的问题。在开展依申请审查、主动审查、移送审查过程中，发现其他法规、司法解释等规范性文件存在共性问题的，可以一并进行专项审查。 | VIII. Conduct special reviews in a targeted manner. The special committees of the National People’s Congress and the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee are to, as necessary, conduct special reviews of regulations and judicial interpretations such as those involving the Party Central Committee’s decisions and plans, major reforms of the State, the implementation of important laws, or the vital interests of the people to solve problems that are prevalent in the regulations and judicial interpretations of a particular field or category in a focused manner. In the course of conducting review upon request, proactive review, or review upon referral, where common problems are found in other regulations, judicial interpretations, and other normative documents, a special review may be conducted together. |
| 九、完善移送审查机制。全国人民代表大会常务委员会工作机构收到应当由其他机关处理的审查建议，或者发现应当由其他机关审查处理的问题，及时移送有关机关处理。移送时，可以提出研究处理的意见和建议。 其他机关在备案审查工作中发现法规、司法解释存在合宪性、合法性问题，移送全国人民代表大会常务委员会工作机构审查处理或者提出有关工作建议的，常务委员会工作机构应当进行审查。 | IX. Improve the mechanisms for review upon referral. When the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee receives recommendations for review that ought to be handled by other organs, or discovers problems that ought to be reviewed and handled by other organs, it is to promptly refer them to the relevant organs for handling. When making the referrals, it may put forward opinions and suggestions on research and handling. Where other organs find that regulations or judicial interpretations have issues of constitutionality or legality in conducting recording and review, and refer them to the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee for review and handling or make relevant suggestions for its work, the working body of the Standing Committee shall conduct review. |
| 十、探索联合审查机制。全国人民代表大会常务委员会工作机构发现法规、规章、司法解释等规范性文件存在涉及其他机关备案审查工作职责范围的共性问题的，可以与其他机关备案审查工作机构开展联合调研或者联合审查，共同研究提出审查意见和建议。 | X. Explore mechanisms for joint review. When the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee finds that regulations, rules, judicial interpretations, and other normative documents have common problems that implicate the duties of other organs concerning recording and review, it may carry out joint investigations and joint reviews with the working bodies for recording and review of the other organs and conduct joint research to put forward review opinions and suggestions. |
| 十一、明确审查重点内容。在审查工作中，应当重点审查以下内容： （一）是否符合宪法规定、宪法原则和宪法精神； （二）是否符合党中央的重大决策部署和国家重大改革方向； （三）是否超越权限，减损公民、法人和其他组织权利或者增加其义务； （四）是否违反上位法规定； （五）是否违反法定程序； （六）采取的措施与其目的是否符合比例原则。 | XI. Clarify the focus of review. Review shall focus on the following contents [of a document]: (1) whether it is consistent with constitutional provisions, constitutional principles, and constitutional spirits; (2) whether it is consistent with the Party Central Committee’s major decisions and plans and with the direction of major reforms of the State; (3) whether it exceeds authority by impairing the rights of citizens, legal persons, and other organizations or increasing their obligations; (4) whether it violates the provisions of superior legislation; (5) whether it violates legally prescribed procedures; (6) whether the measures it takes and its purpose satisfy the principle of proportionality. |
| 十二、推进集中清理工作。全国人民代表大会常务委员会及其工作机构根据需要，可以对涉及重要法律制定或者修改、社会公共利益等方面的法规、规章、司法解释和其他规范性文件组织开展集中清理，督促有关方面及时修改或者废止不符合、不衔接、不适应法律规定、中央精神、时代要求的规定，并及时制定配套规定。组织开展集中清理，应当明确清理的范围、主要内容、时限要求等。 | XII. Advance focused clean-ups. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and its working body may, as necessary, organize focused clean-ups of regulations, rules, administrative regulations, and other normative documents such as those involving the formulation of or amendment to important laws or the public interest, urging the relevant parties to promptly amend or repeal provisions that do not conform to, do not dovetail with, or do not adapt to the provisions of laws, the guiding principles of the Central Committee, or the requirements of the times, and to promptly formulate supporting provisions. When organizing a focused clean-up, its scope, main content, and deadline shall be specified. |
| 十三、坚持有错必纠。全国人民代表大会专门委员会、常务委员会工作机构经审查认为法规、司法解释应当予以纠正的，可以与制定机关沟通，推动制定机关修改或者废止。制定机关同意对法规、司法解释予以修改或者废止，并书面提出明确处理计划和时限的，可以不再向其提出书面审查意见，审查中止。 经沟通，制定机关不同意修改、废止或者没有书面提出明确处理计划和时限的，全国人民代表大会专门委员会、常务委员会工作机构应当依法向制定机关提出书面审查意见，要求制定机关在两个月内提出书面处理意见。制定机关按照所提意见对法规、司法解释进行修改或者废止的，审查终止。 全国人民代表大会常务委员会工作机构对可能造成理解歧义、执行不当等问题的法规、司法解释，可以函告制定机关予以提醒，提出意见和建议。 | XIII. Adhere to correcting all errors. Where, upon review, a special committee of the National People’s Congress or the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee considers that a regulation or judicial interpretation ought to be corrected, it may communicate with the enacting organ to persuade it to amend or repeal [the document]. Where the enacting organ agrees to amend or repeal the regulation or judicial interpretation and puts forward in writing a clear plan and timeframe for handling it, a written review opinion need not be issued, and the review is suspended. Where, after communication, the enacting organ does not agree to amend or repeal [the document] or has not put forward a clear plan and timeframe for handling it, the special committee of the National People’s Congress or the [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee shall issue a written review opinion to the enacting organ according to law and requires the enacting organ to submit a written opinion on handling [the matter] within two months. Where the enacting organ amends or repeals the regulation or judicial interpretation in accordance with the opinion issued, the review ends. The [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee may notify enacting organs in writing to remind them of regulations and judicial interpretations that may lead to problems such as ambiguities in understanding or improper enforcement, and to put forward opinions and suggestions. |
| 十四、依法作出纠正和撤销决定。制定机关未按照书面审查意见或者处理计划对法规、司法解释予以修改、废止的，全国人民代表大会专门委员会、常务委员会工作机构可以依法提出下列议案、建议，由委员长会议决定提请常务委员会会议审议决定： （一）确认有关法规、司法解释与宪法、法律相抵触或者违背宪法、法律的原则和精神，要求制定机关限期修改或者废止； （二）要求制定机关自行修改完善有关法规、司法解释，或者要求制定机关进行清理； （三）依法予以撤销； （四）依法作出法律解释。 法规、司法解释被纠正或者撤销后，其他规范性文件存在相同问题的，制定机关应当及时修改或者废止。 | XIV. Issue rectification and annulment decisions according to law. Where an enacting organ fails to amend or repeal a regulation or judicial interpretation in accordance with the written review opinion or handling plan, the special committee of the National People’s Congress or the working body of the Standing Committee may submit the following bills or proposals according to law, and the Council of Chairpersons is to decide to submit them to a Standing Committee session for deliberation and a decision: (1) confirming that the relevant regulation or judicial interpretation contravenes the Constitution or laws or violates the principles and spirits of the Constitution or laws, and requiring the enacting organ to amend or repeal it within a specified period of time; (2) requiring the enacting organ to amend and improve the relevant regulation or judicial interpretation on its own, or requiring the enacting organ to carry out a clean-up; (3) annulling [the document] according to law; (4) issuing a legislative interpretation according to law. After a regulation or judicial interpretation has been rectified or annulled, the enacting organ shall promptly amend or repeal other normative documents with the same problems. |
| 十五、践行全过程人民民主。备案审查工作应当贯彻全过程人民民主理念，保障人民群众对国家立法和监督工作的知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权，使备案审查制度和工作成为践行全过程人民民主的重要形式和制度载体。 畅通人民群众诉求表达渠道，完善审查建议在线提交方式。做好对审查建议的接收、登记、审查、处理和反馈工作。加强与审查建议人沟通，增强审查研究的针对性、时效性。审查完成后，及时向审查建议人反馈。 开展备案审查工作应当充分发扬民主，加强调查研究。听取制定机关说明情况、反馈意见。通过座谈会、论证会、听证会、委托研究、走访调研等方式，听取国家机关、社会组织、企业事业单位、专家学者以及利益相关方的意见。注重发挥备案审查专家委员会的作用。 坚持备案审查工作与代表工作相结合，邀请代表参与调研，认真办理代表议案、建议，回应代表关切。发挥基层立法联系点民意直通车作用，深入基层了解法规、司法解释实施情况和存在的问题，听取基层群众的意见建议，提升备案审查民主含量和质量。 | XV. Implement whole-process people’s democracy. Recording and review shall implement the concept of whole-process people’s democracy and guarantee the people’s rights to know, to participate, to express, and to oversee with respect to national legislative and oversight work, so that the system of recording and review and the work related thereto become an important form and institutional vehicle for implementing whole-process people’s democracy. Maintain open channels for the people to express their wishes and needs and improve the methods for submitting recommendations for review online. Receive, register, review, handle, and provide feedback on recommendations for review in a proper manner. Strengthen communication with the persons recommending review and see that review and research becomes more targeted and responsive. Upon the completion of review, promptly provide feedback to the persons recommending review. Recording and review shall be carried out by giving full play to democracy and strengthening investigation and research. Listen to the explanations and feedback of enacting organs. Listen to the opinions of state organs, social organizations, enterprises and public-service institutions, experts and scholars, as well as interested parties through means such as seminars, hearings, expert assessment meetings, commissioned research, as well as field visits and research. Focus on giving play to the role of the Experts Committee on Recording and Review. Adhere to integrating recording and review with work related to [National People’s Congress] delegates by inviting delegates to participate in investigation and research, carefully processing delegates’ bills and suggestions, and responding to their concerns. Give play to the role of grassroots legislative outreach offices as direct channels for public opinions; go deep into the grassroots level to understand the implementation of regulations and judicial interpretations and the problems that exist; and listen to the opinions and suggestions of grassroots masses, so as to enhance the democratic content and quality of recording and review. |
| 十六、完善备案审查衔接联动机制。加强与其他备案审查机关的沟通协作，在双重备案联动、移交处理、征求意见、会商协调、信息共享、能力提升等方面加强协作配合，支持和推动有关方面加强对规章和其他规范性文件的监督，发挥备案审查制度合力，增强备案审查制度整体成效。 | XVI. Improve the connection and coordination mechanism for recording and review. Strengthen communication and collaboration with other recording and review organs by improving collaboration and cooperation in such areas as dual-recording coordination, handling by referral, solicitation of opinions, consultation and coordination, information sharing, and capacity enhancement; and by supporting the relevant parties in strengthening oversight of rules and other normative documents, so as to give play to the synergy in the system of recording and review and improve the system’s overall effectiveness. |
| 十七、完善听取和审议备案审查工作情况报告制度。全国人民代表大会常务委员会法制工作委员会应当每年向常务委员会报告开展备案审查工作的情况，由常务委员会会议审议。 常务委员会组成人员对备案审查工作情况报告的审议意见连同备案审查工作情况报告，一并交由有关制定机关研究处理。备案审查工作情况报告在常务委员会公报和中国人大网刊载。 | XVII. Improve the system of hearing and deliberating reports on the status of recording and review. The Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress shall submit to the Standing Committee annual reports on the status of recording and review for deliberation by Standing Committee sessions. The deliberation opinions of constituent members of the Standing Committees on the reports on the status of recording and review, together with such reports, are to be referred to the relevant enacting organs for study and handling. Reports on the status of recording and review are to be published in the Gazette of the Standing Committee and on the National People’s Congress website. |
| 十八、持续推进备案审查信息化建设。建设好、使用好全国统一的备案审查信息平台，完善在线提出审查建议、电子备案、在线审查等平台功能，拓展信息平台的数据收集和立法服务功能，逐步实现备案审查工作数字化、智能化。 | XVIII. Continue to promote the informatization of recording and review. Further develop and make good use of the nationally unified information platform for recording and review; improve the platform’s functions such as online submission of recommendations for review, electronic recording, and online review; expand the information platform’s data-collection and legislative-service functions, so as to gradually realize the digitization and smartification of recording and review. |
| 十九、加强工作联系指导。全国人民代表大会常务委员会工作机构应当加强对地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会规范性文件备案审查工作的联系和指导，召开备案审查工作座谈会，举办备案审查工作培训，健全备案审查案例指导制度，开展备案审查案例交流，推动地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会提高备案审查工作能力和质量。 | XIX. Strengthen contacts and guidance on [recording and review] work. The [relevant] working body of the Standing Committee shall strengthen contact with and guidance for the standing committees of local people’s congresses concerning their recording and review of normative documents, convene seminars on recording and review, organize training on recording and review, improve the case-guidance system for recording and review, organize exchanges on cases of recording and review, and help increase the capacity and quality of recording and review by the standing committees of local people’s congresses. |
| 二十、加强理论研究和宣传工作。围绕加强宪法实施和监督，加强备案审查理论研究和话语体系建设。拓展宣传方式和途径，及时向社会公众公开备案审查工作情况报告、工作动态、重要进展和典型案例。 | XX. Strengthen theoretical research and publicity efforts. Strengthen theoretical research and development of a discourse system on recording and review by focusing on strengthening constitutional implementation and supervision. Expand the means and channels of publicity and promptly disclose reports on the status of recording and review, work developments, important progress, and typical cases to the public. |
| 二十一、健全特别行政区本地法律备案审查机制。全国人民代表大会常务委员会依据宪法和香港特别行政区基本法、澳门特别行政区基本法，加强对特别行政区立法机关制定的法律的备案审查工作，维护宪法和基本法确定的特别行政区宪制秩序。 | XXI. Improve the mechanisms for recording and reviewing the local laws of special administrative regions. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress is to strengthen recording and review of the laws formulated by the legislatures of the special administrative regions in accordance with the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region to maintain the constitutional order in the special administrative regions as provided by the Constitution and their basic laws. |
| 二十二、县级以上地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会应当加强规范性文件备案审查制度和能力建设，依法开展备案审查工作。 省、自治区、直辖市的人民代表大会常务委员会根据有关法律，参照本决定制定本地区有关规范性文件备案审查的规定。 | XXII. The standing committees of local people’s congresses at or above the county level shall strengthen efforts to develop the system and capacity of recording and review and carry out recording and review according to law. The standing committees of the people’s congresses of provinces, autonomous regions, and directly governed municipalities are to formulate provisions on the recording and review of normative documents in their respective regions in accordance with the relevant laws and with reference to this Decision. |
| 本决定自公布之日起施行。 | This Decision takes effect on the date of promulgation. |